Therapies Methods Essays - Clinical Psychology, Applied Psychology

Therapies Methods There are many different types of therapies or psychological methods used to alleviate problems. First, there are therapies that emphasize the value of gaining insight to personal problems. Then there are behavior therapies and cognitive therapies, which are used to directly change troublesome actions and thoughts. Two therapies I will be describing are rational-emotive behavior therapy and psychoanalysis. According to author Dennis Coon of Introduction to Psychology, Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) attempts to change or remove irrational beliefs that cause emotional problems. Albert Ellis states the basic idea of rational-emotive behavior is easy as ABC. He assumes that people become unhappy and develop self-defeating habits because they have unrealistic or faulty beliefs. Ellis analyzes problems in this way: The letter A stands for an activating experience, which the person assumes to be the cause of C, an emotional consequence. For example, a person who is rejected (the activating experience) feels depressed, threatened, or hurt (the consequence). Rational-emotive therapy, however, shows that the real problem comes between A and C. In between is B, the patient`s unrealistic beliefs. There are many irrational or unrealistic beliefs that we all tend to hold. For instance, certain people I must deal with are thoroughly bad and should be severely blamed and punished for. This could lead to The old man next door is such a pain. I`m going to play my stereo even louder the next time he complains. Another irrational belief is it is awful and upsetting when things are not the way I would very much like them to be. For example, I should have gotten a B in that class. The teacher doesn`t like me. Rational-emotive behavior therapy holds that events do not cause us to have feelings. We feel as we do because of our beliefs. Psychoanalysis resolves internal conflicts that lead to emotional suffering. Because of the huge amounts of time and money it requires, psychoanalysts have become rare. Four basic techniques Freud relied on to uncover the roots of psychoanalysis are free association, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, and analysis of transference. During psychoanalysis, the patient engages in free association, by saying whatever comes to mind. They must speak without concern for whether the ideas are painful, embarrassing, or illogical. Dream analysis is also considered a good way to tap the unconsciousness. Freud felt that forbidden desires and unconscious feelings are more freely expressed in dreams. Then there is analysis of resistance where the analyst becomes aware of resistances, or blockages in the flow of ideas, and he or she brings them to the patients awareness so they can be dealt with realistically. Finally, there is analysis of transference, which the patient may act as if the analyst is the rejecting father, former lover, or whoever the patient is feeling anger towards. All of these techniques are used in psychoanalysis today. Both rational-emotive behavior and psychoanalysis help the patients recognize their problem and deal with it. The world today should be lucky and take advantage of the many different types of therapies we are able to choose from. These are just two of the many we are able to have.

Ecoli essays

Ecoli essays Canada's E. Coli Epidemic Claims Fifth Victim 1:44 p.m. ET (1744 GMT) May 26, 2000 WALKERTON, Ontario (Reuters) - A fifth person died on Thursday in what may be Canada's biggest E. coli epidemic, as police and health officials were set to decide whether to launch a criminal investigation into the outbreak. Dr. Murray McQuigge, the area's chief medical officer, said the outbreak in the mainly agricultural community of Walkerton, Ontario, could have been prevented, and accused the local Public Utilities Commission (PUC) of ignoring the results of its own tests on Thursday, May 18, which he said established the town's water was unsafe. He said 10 people, including four children, remained in a critical condition, struck down by bacteria in the town's water system. An infant and three adults died from E. coli complications on Wednesday. At least 500 people have been infected in Walkerton, a town of 5,000 people about two hours drive northwest of Toronto. Dr. James Cairns, deputy chief coroner for the province of Ontario, said his department wants an inquest into the deaths. ''We are concerned about public safety,'' he said. "We want to know how the contamination occurred, how it was managed and how people died.'' It is believed the water may have been contaminated by manure washed into the system by recent heavy rains. "There may well be more people who will die. I think we could have prevented all these deaths,'' McQuigge told a news conference, adding that new cases could emerge as late as Monday as the bacteria can have an incubation period of up to 10 days before symptoms appear. McQuigge said he would meet with health and provincial police officials on Friday to try to decide where blame for deaths is to be laid. "There is probably going to be a criminal investigation,'' he said. Walkerton residents were outraged as news spread that it is possible that the tragedy could have been prevented. A local radi ...

Definition and Examples of Associative Meaning

Definition and Examples of Associative Meaning In semantics, associative meaning refers to the particular qualities or characteristics beyond the denotative meaning that people commonly think of (correctly or incorrectly) in relation to a word or phrase. Also known as  expressive meaning and stylistic meaning. In Semantics: The Study of Meaning (1974), British linguist Geoffrey Leech introduced the term associative meaning to refer to the various types of meaning that are distinct from denotation (or conceptual meaning): connotative, thematic, social, effective, reflective, and collocative. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: Conceptual MeaningConnotationFigurative MeaningGlittering GeneralitiesMeaningPolysemyReflected MeaningSemanticsSemantic TransparencyStipulative DefinitionSubtextSynonymy Examples and Observations A good example of a common noun with an almost universal associative meaning is nurse. Most people automatically associate nurse with woman. This unconscious association is so widespread that the term male nurse has had to be coined to counteract its effect.(Sndor Hervey and Ian Higgins, Thinking French Translation: A Course in Translation Method, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2002)Cultural and Personal AssociationsA word can sweep by your ear and by its very sound suggest hidden meanings, preconscious association. Listen to these words: blood, tranquil, democracy. You know what they mean literally but you have associations with those words that are cultural, as well as your own personal associations.(Rita Mae Brown, Starting From Scratch. Bantam, 1988)Pig[W]hen some people hear the word pig they think of a particularly dirty and unhygienic animal. These associations are largely mistaken, at least in comparison with most other farm animals (although their association with various cultural tradi tions and related emotional responses are real enough), so we would probably not include these properties in the connotations of the word. But the associative meaning of a word often has very powerful communicative and argumentative consequences, so it is important to mention this aspect of meaning.(Jerome E. Bickenbach and Jacqueline M. Davies, Good Reasons for Better Arguments: An Introduction to the Skills and Values of Critical Thinking. Broadview Press, 1998) Conceptual Meaning and Associative MeaningWe can . . . make a broad distinction between conceptual meaning and associative meaning. Conceptual meaning covers those basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word. It is the type of meaning that dictionaries are designed to describe. Some of the basic components of a word like needle in English might include thin, sharp, steel instrument. These components would be part of the conceptual meaning of needle. However, different people might have different associations or connotations attached to a word like needle. They might associate it with pain, or illness, or blood, or drugs, or thread, or knitting, or hard to find (especially in a haystack), and these associations may differ from one person to the next. These types of associations are not treated as part of the words conceptual meaning. . . .Poets, songwriters, novelists, literary critics, advertisers, and lovers may all be interested in how word s can evoke certain aspects of associative meaning, but in linguistic semantics, were more concerned with trying to analyze conceptual meaning.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010) The Lighter Side of Associative MeaningMichael Bluth: What do you think of when you hear the word, Sudden Valley?George Michael Bluth: Salad dressing, I think. But for some reason, I dont want to eat it.Michael Bluth: Right. But Paradise Gardens?George Michael Bluth: Yeah. Okay, I can see marinating a chicken in that.(Jason Bateman and Michael Cera in Switch Hitter. Arrested Development, 2005)

Contract of Service or Contract of Employment Research Paper

Contract of Service or Contract of Employment - Research Paper Example In another recent case namely Express and Echo Publications Ltd v. Tanton (1999), the Court of Appeal held that if a person is not required to work personally, he was not an employee. In yet another case of 2001, MacFarlane v Glasgow City Council (2001), the Employment Appeals Tribunal distinguished the above Tanton case. The Glasgow City Council had engaged gymnast trainers at the various centres of the council. If a trainer was unable to take a class, she could substitute herself by another gymnast who was on the approved list of coaches maintained by the council. The substitutes were paid by the council and not the gymnast trainer. In Tanton case, the substitute could be from outside and he was paid by the individual and not the employer. Thus he was not expected to turn up for work and could send a substitute for a lesser price and make a profit out of it. He himself became the master. In an earlier case of O’Kelly v Trusthouse Forte Plc (1983), regular casuals were held t o be not employees since there was no mutuality of obligation and they were only kept as standby. Although the court of Appeal tried to give a finding that they were employees, since they had no business of their own, that the employer had effective control over the casual workers, that there were discipline and grievance procedures, that they should take permission to take off from rostered duties, the fact that they were self-employed, revealed that there was no mutuality of obligation i.e the workers did not have the right to claim work if not offered nor they were under obligation to accept work if offered with work.

IMPROVING BUSINESS Performance 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

IMPROVING BUSINESS Performance 2 - Essay Example Each division is independent of the others and does have its own profit and loss account besides their own balance sheets. Each division’s balance sheet and profit and loss and account are then merged with the others to form a single balance sheet and profit and loss account for the group’s final accounts. Due to the problems brought about by some internal factors in each division, the most recent final records for the company show a turnover of 700 million pounds and a pre-tax profit of 35 million pounds. This compares dismally to the previous years when the amalgamated records were better than this (Dresner, 2008, p. 78). Pipework Plc has great potential as far as its business model is concerned compared to what the market and its competitors. Its diversity in both the drainage and boilers businesses give it an edge on the competition where most of the companies competing with it. There are several areas that this company can improve to gain even a greater edge in the three business divisions it focuses on. These improvements all aim at ensuring that the business outdoes the rest while improving its operations in the pipes and boilers businesses. Some of the areas to be improved include; The Stores Function – the stores function is one of the main areas to focus on for Pipework Plc. The fact that it has an excellent employee by the name of Wise does not make it indomitable since there are many problems associated with the division. There is the case of its budget for further training of its personnel always being rejected in favor of other divisions. There is also the stock turn on materials that is poor. If the correct methods are used, this area will have less problems and more contribution to the firm’s well being (Baxter and MacLeod, 2007, p. 74). Transport – this department has great potential if only the correct procedures are followed and the United Kingdom and European Law are followed. Drivers would be more transpar ent as to the number of hours worked and thus their correct remuneration. Engineering – this department is quite fine in its operation save for the lengthy period required to churn out a new product. If this time is reduced by half, it would match that of Pipework Plc’s main competitor and generally improve the business. Sales and Marketing – this department of the company does quite well since it has ensured a great market presence for the company though its personnel and the department’s head. It should be known though that there is need to reduce the number of days and the general amount of time used to process orders from customers. Finance and Administration – this department needs to follow the required accounting procedures and reduce the number of days taken to clear invoices to ensure a more transparent department (Andersen, 2007, p. 100). Personnel – the fact that Lynette promotes those under her division based on personal observat ions raises questions as to the validity of these promotions. Payments and rewards for staff should also be normalized to eliminate unnecessary disparities. The widespread favoritism should also be eliminated to allow for a harmonious motivation of the department and the company as a whole. PIPEWORK PLC With the correct methods in place, Pipework Plc is poised to make the most of its market presence and get better returns on its investments. As identified above, there are several

The Stigma of Mental Illness: Undiagnosed and Untreated Essay -- Isolat

Madhouses, looney bins, insane asylums, monsters, witches, and lunatics. These are the terms that haunt both the mentally ill and the facilities that provide their treatment. The stigma of mental illness prevents persons in need of treatment from seeking help for their mental illnesses. The roots of the stigma of mental illness need to be dissected to reduce the discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping of the mentally ill. There are things that can be done to prevent this stigma including changes in federal policy, public cooperation, and individual advocacy. 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT Civilizations have tried to cure the mentally ill since prehistoric times. Often it was believed that these people were victims of possession by demons, or were witches. Doctors Eric Snitchler and Kevin Harris from Northern Illinois University noted that â€Å"Archeologists have uncovered skulls with holes drilled in them dating back as far as 8,000 B.C†¦the holes may have been drilled into the skull as a means of releasing ‘evil spirits’ that were trapped inside the head causing abnormal behavior.† This surgery, referred to as trephining, is still practiced by some African tribes today. In the Middle Ages, Europeans left the mentally unstable alone unless they proved to be dangerous. In the 1600s Europeans began to isolate the mentally ill. They treated them poorly and chained them to walls and left them in dungeons. After the French Revolution, some establishments were reformed and patients were given more freedom and more pleasant living conditions; however, many people were still mistreated. In America, the mentally ill were locked up with criminals and hidden from the outside world. By the late 1800s, many state psychiatric hospitals were ... ...al. â€Å"The ‘Backbone’ of Stigma: Identifying the Global Core of Public Prejudice Associated With Mental Illness.† American Journal of Public Health 103.5 (2013): 853-860. Business Source Premier. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. Shrivastava, Amresh, et al. "Clinical Risk of Stigma and Discrimination of Mental Illnesses: Need For Objective Assessment and Quantification." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55.2 (2013): 178-182. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 Feb. 2014. Snitchler, Eric, and Kevin Harris. â€Å"History of Abnormal Psychology.† Online Posting. Northern Illinois U, Spring 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. "Timeline: Treatments for Mental Illness." PBS. American Express, 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2014. Vogel, David L., Nathaniel G. Wade, and Shawn Haake. "Measuring the Self-Stigma Associated with Seeking Psychological Help." Journal of Counseling Psychology 53.3 (2006): 325- 37. Print.

Fevicol

Fevicol was launched in 1959 and has a long history as a brand used exclusively by carpenters. It later moved into the everyday use category. The campaign, developed by Ogilvy & Mather, was initially aired across the country in teaser poster ads and prints. The advertisements are created in the old traditional Indian cinema poster style, with ‘hand painted’ graphics and vivid colors. The ad takes on the form of a mini movie with a father dressing up his daughter as a male character for a skit. To complete the look, he glues on a moustache with a drop of Fevicol. Unfortunately for his daughter, it stays in place for good. The moustache is with her through good times and bad, until her very last breath. A baby with a moustache is born the moment she passes away as a nod to the concept of reincarnation. Piyush Pandey, executive chairman and CD for South Asia at Ogilvy & Mather was initially tasked to develop a campaign for another brand under the Pidilite umbrella, Fevitite. â€Å"Fevitite is too small a brand for a big idea like this. Take the money all over again and shoot it for Fevicol, and that was the beginning of everything. † Ogilvy & Mather has turned a brand that does not immediately lend itself to creativity into an advertising legend over the past five decades. Work for the brand has scooped 99 awards over the past twenty years. â€Å"To be honest, we didn’t have a clue about the brand aspect when we started out, back then. Piyush happened to us, and I would say 1988-1999 was when the big leap took place,† said Madhukar B Parekh, managing director of Pidilite Industries.